TAREA A
“El más grande de los últimos acontecimientos -que ‘Dios ha muerto’, que Nla fe en el Dios cristiano se ha hecho increíble- comienza ya a lanzar sus primeras sombras sobre Europa. Por lo menos para aquellos
pocos cuyos ojos y cuya suspicacia en sus ojos es lo bastante fuerte y fina para este espectáculo,
precisamente parece que algún sol se haya puesto, que una antigua y profunda confianza se ha trocado en duda. Nuestro viejo mundo tiene que parecerles a estos cada día más vespertino, más desconfiado, más extraño y ‘más viejo’”.
(NIETZSCHE, La gaya ciencia)
«La diferencia decisiva radica en la diferente comprensión del papel asignado al proceso democrático. Según la concepción ‘liberal’, dicho proceso desempeña la tarea de programar al Estado en interés de la sociedad; el Estado, a su vez, se concibe como el aparato de la administración pública y la sociedad como el sistema de integración entre las personas privadas y su trabajo social, estructurado en términos de la economía de mercado. La política (en el sentido de la formación de la voluntad política de los ciudadanos) tendría ahí la función de amarrar e impulsar los intereses sociales privados, frente a un aparato estatal especializado en el empleo administrativo del poder político para alcanzar fines colectivos.
De acuerdo con la concepción ‘republicana’, la política no se agotaría en dicha función de mediación,
sino que representaría más bien un factor constitutivo del proceso de socialización en su conjunto. La
política se concibe como una forma de reflexión de un entramado de vida ético. Constituye el medio con
el que los miembros de comunidades, en cierto sentido solidarias, asumen su recíproca dependencia y
con el que en su calidad de ciudadanos prosiguen y configuran, con voluntad y conciencia, las relaciones de reconocimiento recíproco con las que se encuentran convirtiéndolas en una asociación de miembros libres e iguales»
J. HABERMAS, Tres modelos normativos de democracia
TAREA B
«¿Cómo es posible que no haya encontrado a nadie, ni siquiera en los libros, que se situase en esta posición como persona con respecto a la moral, que reconociese la moral como su necesidad,tormento, placer y pasión personales? Visiblemente hasta ahora la moral no fue problema, sino más bien aquello en que venían a ponerse de acuerdo unos con otros después de toda desconfianza, discrepancia y contradicción, el lugar santificado de la paz, donde los pensadores descansaban, incluso de sí mismos, tomaban aliento y surgían de nuevo. No veo a nadie que se haya atrevido a hacer una crítica de los juicios morales. […] Nadie ha puesto, pues, a prueba hasta ahora el valor de la más famosa de todas las medicinas, la llamada moral, para lo cual es de todo punto necesario en primer lugar que alguien por fin… la ponga en duda. ¡Ánimo, esta es precisamente nuestra tarea!»
(F. NIETZSCHE, La gaya ciencia).
Cada vida es un punto de vista sobre el universo. En rigor, lo que ella ve no lo puede ver otra. Cada individuo —persona, pueblo, época— es un órgano insustituible para la conquista de la verdad. He aquí cómo ésta, que por sí misma es ajena a las variaciones históricas, adquiere una dimensión vital. Sin el desarrollo, el cambio perpetuo y la inagotable aventura que constituyen la vida, el universo, la omnímoda verdad, quedaría ignorado. El error inveterado consistía en suponer que la realidad tenía por sí misma, e independientemente del punto de vista que sobre ella se tomara, una fisonomía propia. Pensando así, claro está, toda visión de ella desde un punto determinado no coincidiría con ese su aspecto absoluto y, por tanto, sería falsa. Pero es el caso que la realidad, como un paisaje, tiene infinitas perspectivas, todas ellas igualmente verídicas y auténticas. La sola perspectiva falsa es esa que pretende ser la única. Dicho de otra manera: lo falso es la utopía, la verdad no localizada, vista desde «lugar ninguno». El utopista —y esto ha sido en esencia el racionalismo— es el que más yerra, porque es el hombre que no se conserva fiel a su punto de vista, que deserta de su puesto»
ORTEGA Y GASSET , El tema de nuestro tiempo
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